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Malay (Brunei Darussalam) style guide

Language quality criteria

  • Use only one translation for each concept, and use it consistently every time the concept appears in the product.
  • Keep translations consistent and clear across similar product interfaces.
  • Target users are largely novice computer users who depend heavily on the localized terminology to understand the software.

Bias-free language

  • Avoid patronizing representations, stereotypes, well-intended euphemisms, and offensive expressions about women or racial, ethnic, and other minority groups.

Gender bias

  • Use language as neutral as possible. Do not stress gender differences or reinforce stereotypical distinctions. This applies to scenarios, comparisons, examples, illustrations, and metaphors.
  • Balance roles and functions assigned to men and women (active vs passive, leading vs secondary, technical vs non-technical). Base scenarios, pictures, metaphors, and comparisons on areas and attributes common to both genders.
  • Instead of phrases that mention both genders separately, use a general term that includes both, such as people, users, persons.
  • Avoid sentences that refer to a single person of unknown gender. Rewrite to make the subject plural. Where a single-person reference is unavoidable, do not use he or she, him or her, his or hers.
  • Generally avoid slashes to combine both genders.
  • Use a neutral noun in concept descriptions and explanations: orang, pemimpin, ketua kumpulan, pakar, pekerja, pengguna
  • Malay (Brunei Darussalam) is not gender biased in general. The third person pronoun dia can be he or she.
  • English gender-specific role words map to one Malay word: actor/actress -> pelakon; headmaster/headmistress -> guru besar; chairman/chairwoman -> pengerusi. All apply to both genders.
  • Replace gender-specific Malay words such as mahasiswa and mahasiswi (male and female college student) with pelajar.

Ethnic and racial bias

  • Avoid ethnic or racial slurs and involuntary bias, including expressions or names the represented group considers inappropriate.
  • Represent a group and its members by the name the group uses for itself. These names change; research current sources when in doubt.
  • Avoid ethnic and racial bias in scenarios, examples, and other illustrations.

Consistency versus idiomaticity

  • The language must have the look and feel of a product originally written in Malay (Brunei Darussalam), with idiomatic syntax and terminology, and high terminological consistency.
  • Where a more idiomatic structure exists, use Malay (Brunei Darussalam) word order instead of word-by-word translation, as long as the key message stays.

Tone and voice

  • Mimic the tone of the source product, but stay respectful. Avoid word forms specific to a dialect.
  • First person singular: use saya. aku is for friends and equals; gua is slang.
  • kita means you and me; kami means we in the sense of a group that excludes you.
  • For you use awda (more formal, mostly in advertising and on signs). Among equals kamu and awak are most frequent; engkau and hang are slang. In formal letter-writing awda is almost always used when the gender of the addressee is unknown.
  • en You are now connected to the Internet. -> ms Awda kini disambung kepada Internet.
  • Malay (Brunei Darussalam) has one third person singular pronoun, dia, for both he and she.

Acronyms and abbreviations

  • Use the common abbreviations in this guide, but avoid extensive use of abbreviations.
  • Do not abbreviate and, or, something, someone, or any other word users might not recognize. When in doubt, spell out the word.

Acronyms

  • An acronym is made of the initial letters of the major parts of a compound term and is pronounced as a new word, for example WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), RAM (Random Access Memory).
  • Do not add a generic term after an acronym or abbreviation when one of its letters already stands for that term. Correct this in the localized version even when the US English version does it.
  • Do not use: RPC call, HTML language, TCP/IP-Protocol, PIN Number.
  • Do not use in Malay: bahasa HTML, nombor PIN, rangkaian LAN, protokol SMTP, protokol SNMP, sistem fail NTFS.
  • In online help or documentation, spell out the words of an acronym at first use. Include the language-specific translation, the US term, and the acronym: Objek Capaian Data (Data Access Objects, DAO)
  • Objek Data ActiveX (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO)
  • Halaman Pelayan Aktif (Active Server Pages, ASP)
  • Bahasa Penanda Hiperteks (Hypertext Markup Language, HTML)
  • Protokol Pemindahan Fail (File Transfer Protocol, FTP)
  • In the UI there is usually no space for all three terms. Only in wizards can the acronym be spelled out and localized on first mention. With space constraints or no first occurrence, judge whether to leave the acronym as is or spell it out and localize it.
  • Users differ in product knowledge. Stay consistent within a product in your use of acronyms and initializations.
  • Do not create a new acronym from the language-specific translated term, and do not replace an English acronym with a language-specific one. Leave the English acronym or abbreviation intact, for example DLL and DPI stay DLL and DPI.
  • Many abbreviations and acronyms are standardized and stay untranslated. Follow them with the full English spelling only when speakers of another language need the explanation. For a common acronym the spelled-out form only confuses users, so use the acronym alone.
  • Do not localize or spell out these commonly understood acronyms and abbreviations: ANSI (American National Standards Institute); ISO (International Standards Organization); ISDN; DOS; DSL; CD; DVD.

Common abbreviations

  • en for example, en abbreviation e.g. -> ms contoh, ms abbreviation cth.
  • en versus, vs. -> ms lawan, lwn.
  • en et cetera, etc. -> ms dan lain-lain, dll.
  • en like -> ms seperti, spt.
  • en for -> ms untuk, utk.
  • en to -> ms kepada, kpd.
  • en as -> ms sebagai, sbg.
  • en with -> ms dengan, dgn.
  • en from -> ms daripada, drpd.
  • en that -> ms yang, yg.
  • Use a non-breaking space (CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR) in any abbreviation.
  • Where non-breaking spaces are not possible (Help files), write these abbreviations without a space so one letter does not move to the next line.

Measurement abbreviations

  • Common measurements such as km, m, cm, mm also apply. Measurement, en abbreviation, ms abbreviation:
  • Gigabyte, GB, GB
  • Gigabit, GBit, GBit or Gb
  • Kilobyte, KB, KB
  • Kilobit, KBit, KBit or Kb
  • Megabyte, MB, MB
  • Megabit, MBit, MBit or Mb
  • Terabyte, TB, TB
  • Terabit, TBit, TBit or Tb
  • Bits per second, Bit/s, Bit/s. Use the same type for similar measurements, for example frames per second => F/s.
  • Megabits per second, MBit/s or Mbps, MBit/s or Mbps
  • Kilobits per second, KBit/s or Kbps, KBit/s or Kbps
  • Bytes per second, B/s, B/s
  • Megabytes per second, MB/s, MB/s
  • Kilobytes per second, KB/s, KB/s
  • Point, Pt., Poin
  • Inch, “, “. “ is acceptable in packaging and tables, but not in body text.
  • Megahertz, MHz, MHz
  • Hertz, Hz, Hz

Capitalization

  • If the first word of the English source string is capitalized, capitalize the corresponding first word in the target. If it is not capitalized, do not capitalize the target word, unless language-specific rules say otherwise.
  • Some strings are concatenated at run-time and seem to lack a subject or start in the middle. Do not start such strings with an upper-case letter unless the spelling rules require it.
  • Example of such a string: is trying to connect to this computer. If you allow, you will be disconnected, but you can resume later. Do you want to allow this connection?\\r\\n
  • en unknown software exception\r\n -> ms pengecualian perisian tak diketahui\r\n
  • en acquired -> ms diperoleh
  • en Log off user -> ms Log keluar pengguna
  • en Edit… -> ms Edit…
  • English source strings capitalize many more nouns and verbs than expected. Do not mimic source capitalization. Use Malay (Brunei Darussalam) spelling conventions to decide what to capitalize. Over-capitalization is awkward and makes the UI inconsistent.
  • In menu titles, commands, and options translated with more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each word.
  • en Undo -> ms Buat Asal
  • en Update -> ms Kemas Kini
  • en Save As -> ms Simpan Sebagai
  • en Select All -> ms Pilih Semua
  • When these terms appear in context or as messages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word.
  • en Update your file before saving it. -> ms Kemas kini fail awda sebelum menyimpannya.
  • en Save as Word document. -> ms Simpan sebagai dokumen Word.
  • Always capitalize proper nouns and copyrighted product names.
  • en Windows Vista -> ms Windows Vista
  • en Microsoft -> ms Microsoft
  • en Internet Explorer -> ms Internet Explorer
  • If a capitalized English noun becomes two words in the target, capitalize both, neither, or one consistently. Apply spelling rules consistently.

Compounds

  • Keep compounds understandable and clear. Avoid overly long or complex compounds by expressing the relationship among the components verbally. Unintuitive compounds hurt intelligibility and usability.
  • en Internet Accounts -> ms Akaun Internet
  • en Logon script processing -> ms Pemprosesan skrip log masuk
  • en Workgroup Administrator -> ms Pentadbir Kumpulan Kerja
  • en Internet News Server Name -> ms Nama Pelayan Berita Internet

Compounds with product or component names

  • Product names are usually trademarked and must stay unchanged. Add to a product or component name with a hyphen, or create a periphrastic construction.
  • en Windows password -> ms kata laluan Windows
  • en Microsoft Word document -> ms dokumen Microsoft Word
  • en Microsoft SQL Server Database -> ms Pangkalan Data Microsoft SQL Server
  • en Microsoft BackOffice product family -> ms keluarga produk Microsoft BackOffice
  • en ActiveX Control -> ms Kawalan ActiveX

Compounds with acronyms, abbreviations, or numerals

  • en CD-ROM drive -> ms pemacu CD-ROM
  • en 2-D gridlines -> ms garisan grid 2-D
  • en 24 bit color value -> ms nilai warna 24 bit
  • en 3.5 Floppy -> ms Cakera Liut 3.5
  • en 5 1/4-inch Floppy -> ms Cakera Liut 5 1/4 inci
  • en 35mm slides -> ms slaid 35mm

English terminology and the language system

  • Use the terminology most widely used in the computer press and among users. Usage depends on the target market; technical products carry more specialized language and more English terminology.
  • English terms are acceptable when they are the industry standard in the country or region. Research current industry standards. Stylistic anglicisms remain a major translation mistake.
  • When you take in English terms, follow the spelling, grammar, and syntax rules of the language. Some English words come in whole; most get phonologized and integrated into the target language.
  • Before you take in an English loan word with no Malay (Brunei Darussalam) equivalent, check with your translation lead and team. Spell English loanwords consistently.

Anglicisms

  • Anglicisms sneak into sentence structure and word usage. Edit documents with this in mind.
  • en For several minutes: für mehrere Minuten -> mehrere Minuten lang
  • en Middle East: Mittlerer Osten -> Naher Osten
  • en For more information please contact ...: Für weitere Informationen kontaktieren Sie ... -> Um weitere Informationen zu erhalten, wenden Sie sich an ...
  • en assume: assumere -> supporre
  • en fatal error: errore fatale -> errore irreversibile
  • en resolved invalid: risolto invalido -> risolto non valido
  • en More Colors …: Lebih Warna … -> Warna Lain …
  • en If you find any broken links …: Sekiranya awda menjumpai mana-mana pautan terpatah … -> Sekiranya awda menjumpai mana-mana pautan terputus …
  • en How to shutdown internet connection: Bagaimana untuk menutup sambungan internet -> Bagaimana untuk mematikan sambungan internet
  • Some English loan words keep their original spelling, but most adapt to Malay (Brunei Darussalam) spelling: metodologi for methodology, aset for asset, komputer for computer.
  • Where both a Malay (Brunei Darussalam) word and an English loan word exist, prefer the Malay word: sekuriti and keselamatan for security; bajet and belanjawan for budget; global and sejagat for global.

Nouns

  • Integrate English loan words into the noun class system. Check motivation (formally motivated features allowing integration), analogy (an equivalent Malay (Brunei Darussalam) term that justifies the noun class), frequency (the noun class used most often in other technical documentation).
  • Where the noun class is your choice, keep translations consistent within the product. Consult your translation team lead and members.
  • en Delete it from server. -> ms Hapuskannya daripada server.
  • en Enter a password to log into the server -> ms Masukkan kata laluan untuk log masuk ke dalam server
  • en DNS cannot resolve the server IP address -> ms DNS tidak dapat menyelesaikan alamat IP server
  • en Verify the name of the server’s certificate -> ms Tentu sahkan nama sijil server
  • Inflection of English loanwords for number: en directories -> ms direktori
  • en vendors -> ms vendor
  • en assets -> ms aset
  • en proxies -> ms proksi
  • en cables -> ms kabel
  • en methodologies -> ms metodologi

Verbs and verb forms

  • An English verb can serve as a loan word. Such loan words follow the syntactic and morphological rules of the target language.
  • en export -> ms eksport, mengeksport, pengeksportan
  • en standard -> ms standard, menstandardkan, penstandardan
  • en computer -> ms komputer, berkomputer, pengkomputeran
  • en global -> ms global, mengglobalkan
  • en universal -> ms universal, keuniversalan

Error messages

  • Error messages come from the system or a program and tell the user of an error that must be corrected for the program to keep running. They cover a wide range of topics, for example prompting the user to insert a disk, or telling the user an error needs a restart.
  • The main principles for translation are clarity, comprehensibility, and consistency.

Standard phrases

  • US English error messages are occasionally inconsistent. Use one standard phrase for error messages with the same meaning and purpose.
  • en Cannot / Could not (File could not be found, File cannot be found) -> ms Fail tidak dapat dijumpai
  • en Failed to .. / Failure of .. (Failed to connect, Failure to connect) -> ms Gagal untuk menyambung
  • en Cannot find .. / Could not find .. / Unable to find .. / Unable to locate .. (Cannot find driver software, Could not find driver software, Unable to find driver software, Unable to locate driver software) -> ms Tidak dapat mencari perisian pemacu
  • en Not enough memory / Insufficient memory / There is not enough memory / There is not enough memory available -> ms Kekurangan ingatan
  • en .. is not available / .. is unavailable (The command is not available, The command is unavailable) -> ms Perintah itu tidak tersedia

Articles and possessive pronouns

  • English error messages vary in use of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Be consistent with such variation in Malay (Brunei Darussalam).
  • en File already exists / The file already exists / This file already exists -> ms Fail telah wujud; Fail ini telah wujud is acceptable but avoid it. In complete sentences use determiners consistently even when the US string does not.
  • en Not enough memory to complete this operation. -> ms Kekurangan ingatan untuk melengkapkan pengendalian ini. is acceptable but avoid it. Do not use a demonstrative construction unless it matters in context.
  • en Windows Vista cannot start your system. If the problem persists, contact your network administrator. -> ms Windows Vista tidak dapat memulakan sistem awda. Jika masalah berterusan, hubungi pentadbir rangkaian awda. is acceptable but avoid it. Avoid the possessive marker your unless ownership matters in context.

Negation in error messages

  • Be consistent in how you convey that an action could not be completed or an item could not be found.
  • en File not found. / File was not found. / The file was not found. -> ms Fail tidak dapat dijumpai. Use one basic syntax for all negative sentences.
  • en Not enough memory. -> ms Kekurangan ingatan. not enough = insufficient
  • en Wrong file type. -> ms Jenis fail salah. wrong = incorrect
  • en Incorrect MS-DOS version. -> ms Versi MS-DOS salah.
  • en Invalid file type. -> ms Jenis fail tak sah. Invalid = illegal
  • en An illegal setting name has been entered. -> ms Nama seting tak sah telah dimasukkan.
  • en %1 has a bad format. -> ms %1 mengandungi format tak sah. Use invalid instead of bad, unless the meaning is physically broken.
  • en Object doesn't support current locale setting. -> ms Objek tidak menyokong seting tempatan semasa. Use standard word order; watch where the negative marker sits in the sentence.
  • tak is the colloquial, shorter version of tidak. tak is often used in informal writing, tidak in formal writing, but tak is still acceptable. For example invalid may be tak sah.

Placeholder text

  • Error messages contain placeholder text the operating system fills in.
  • %d minute(s) remaining -> user sees 3 minute(s) remaining
  • Dialing %s... -> user sees Dialing business phone
  • The disk in drive %c: cannot be formatted. -> user sees The disk in drive C: cannot be formatted.
  • Find out what text replaces the placeholder so the resulting sentence stays grammatical. Most source strings have instructions detailing the replacement text.
  • In English source strings, placeholders sit where they naturally occur in English. Numerals precede the noun in English, so numeral placeholders precede the noun. If the numeral follows the noun it modifies, move the placeholder after the noun.
  • en in %d days -> Yoruba ní àwọn ọjọ́ %d
  • en %d minutes -> Yoruba Ìsẹ́jú 30
  • %d, %ld, %u, and %lu -> Number (such as 3 or 512)
  • %c -> Letter (such as “f” or “s”)
  • %s -> String (such as “Click here to continue.”)
  • “Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!” -> “Checking Web <number> of <number>”
  • “INI file "%1!-.200s!" section” -> “INI file "<string>" section”
  • If adjectives agree with nouns and the noun is a placeholder, you need the exact placeholder string to inflect a preceding adjective. Most source strings already avoid an adjective modifying a placeholder.
  • If your language has subject-verb agreement, reword the translation to avoid an ungrammatical sentence.
  • en Replace invalid %s? (user sees Replace invalid data?, Replace invalid file?) -> ms Gantikan %s tak sah?
  • en %s already exists (user sees File already exists, Name already exists) -> ms %s telah wujud
  • en %s is now set as your personal contact. (user sees Regina is now set as your personal contact, Mr. Kim is now set as your personal contact) -> ms %s kini diset sebagai orang hubungan peribadi anda.
  • en %s stopped working and was closed (user sees The application stopped working and was closed, The program stopped working and was closed) -> ms %s berhenti bekerja dan telah ditutup

Syntactic ordering

  • In error messages, describe the action the user must take before the purpose of the action. Rephrase To skip creating your startup disk, click Cancel as Click Cancel to skip creating your startup disk.
  • Avoid personified inanimate subjects. Replace active constructions with passive ones where possible.
  • en Setup encountered an error while creating your startup disk. -> ms Pemasangan menghadapi ralat semasa penyediaan cakera pemula. is acceptable but avoid it. Avoid personified subjects if the context allows omission. Rephrase and change the word order; a passive construction is often possible.
  • en Setup cannot find the remote computer. -> ms Pemasangan tidak menjumpai komputer jauh. is acceptable but avoid it.
  • en Setup cannot get disk information. -> ms Pemasangan tidak mendapat maklumat cakera. is acceptable but avoid it.
  • en Remove any existing settings to free space. -> ms Alih keluar sebarang seting sedia ada untuk membebaskan ruang. Describe the action before the purpose.
  • en Attempt to remove current directory -> do not use ms Cubaan mengalih direktori semasa. Use a passive construction instead of Attempt to ...

Verbs in error messages

  • Be consistent in how you translate verbs. If your grammar allows omitting the predicate be, omit it, but stay consistent across all error messages. Be concise without changing the meaning.
  • en The document is too large. / Document too large. -> ms Dokumen terlalu besar., not Dokumen adalah terlalu besar. Be consistent with the verb to be.
  • en Access was denied. / Access denied. -> ms Capaian dinafikan., not Capaian telah dinafikan. In complete sentences use verbs and the same tense as the source string.
  • en The file '%s' is an unknown graphics format. -> ms Fail ‘%s’ mengandungi format grafik tak diketahui., not Fail ‘%s’ ialah format grafik tak diketahui. Rephrase is with have if that produces a better translation.
  • en The application may attempt to convert the graphic. -> ms Aplikasi cuba menukar grafik tersebut., not Aplikasi mungkin cuba menukar grafik tersebut. may + Verb can become Verb + possibly.
  • en A problem occurred while trying to connect to the network share '%1!s!'. -> ms Masalah berlaku semasa menyambung ke perkongsian rangkaian ‘%1!s!’., not Masalah berlaku semasa cubaan menyambung ke perkongsian rangkaian ‘%1!s!’. Shorten and rephrase to A problem occurred while connecting to the network share '%1!s!'.
  • en The following error occurred: '%1!s!' (error #%2!lx!) -> ms Ralat: ‘%1!s!’ (ralat #%2!lx!), not Ralat berikut telah berlaku: '%1!s!' (ralat #%2!lx!). Shorten to Error: '%1!s!' (error #%2!lx!).
  • en An unknown error has occurred. / No error occurred. -> ms Ralat tak diketahui. / Tiada ralat., not Ralat tak diketahui telah berlaku./ Tiada ralat berlaku. Shorten to Unknown error. / No error.

Transliteration of foreign words

  • Malay (Brunei Darussalam) has many borrowed words from Arabic, Dutch, Chinese, and English.
  • Where Malay (Brunei Darussalam) needs a string of basic words to describe something new, English or other foreign words are frequently accepted in common usage. Many English words are transliterated, a few with their original spelling, many with new forms spelt by the Malay (Brunei Darussalam) phonetic system.
  • en Computer -> ms Komputer
  • en Technology -> ms Teknologi
  • en Calculator -> ms Kalkulator
  • en Format -> ms Format
  • en Normal -> ms Normal

Headings

  • Headings must convey as much information as possible about the text that follows, so readers locate information quickly.
  • Where the English heading begins with a gerund, use a nominalized form.
  • en Sending a file -> ms Menghantar fail
  • en Using Styles -> ms Menggunakan Gaya
  • English headings capitalize all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions (that, until, which). Do not apply this to Malay (Brunei Darussalam) headings. Follow normal Malay (Brunei Darussalam) capitalization. The same applies to software strings.
  • en Switching Between Windows -> ms Bertukar antara Windows
  • Headings of lists and tables should be one or two words, preferably active nouns, and concise even when the original uses a longer phrase.
  • en In order to -> ms Untuk
  • en Do this -> ms Buat Ini
  • en How to use -> ms Bagaimana untuk guna
  • en First do this -> ms Mula-mula buat ini
  • en Then do this -> ms Kemudian buat ini
  • en How to: -> ms Bagaimana:
  • en Walkthrough -> ms Sepintas lalu

Procedural syntax

  • In procedural text, interface terms appear top to bottom (menu, command, dialog box, dialog box controls). This order reflects the sequence of the action; keep it unless technical reasons prevent it.
  • This convention matters less in normal body text, which is more personal and less formal.
  • en On the View menu, click Filter -> ms Pada menu Paparan, klik Penapis
  • en On the Tools menu, click Internet Options, and click the Security tab -> ms Pada menu Alat, klik Pilihan Internet, dan klik tab Sekuriti
  • Use the descriptor (menu, button, command) only if the original text uses it, or if it clarifies the position of a term in the interface.
  • Rearrange sentences of the type To do this and that, click on ... to mention the action first and the purpose second, because the action matters most. Where the purpose needs stressing, start with the purpose and follow with the action.
  • en To open the shortcut menu, click View Source -> ms Untuk membuka menu pintas, klik Paparkan Sumber
  • en To end the install, click Cancel -> ms Untuk menamatkan pemasangan, klik Batal

Measurements and numerals

  • Use numerals for all measurements, whether the measurement is spelled out, abbreviated, or replaced by a symbol. Use numerals for coordinates in tables or worksheets and for numbered sections. Avoid beginning a sentence with a numeral.
  • en Envelope 110x230 mm. -> ms Sampul 110x230 mm.
  • en 5x7 photo paper -> ms kertas foto 5x7
  • en Please type a port number between 1 and 65535. -> ms Sila taip nombor port antara 1 hingga 65535.
  • en 6 months -> ms 6 bulan

“My” terminology

  • Decide the localization of my terminology per product. The new trend leaves out the possessive pronoun completely (My TV -> TV).
  • Keep a term already used for one product the same for the next product update if the source stays unchanged. Keep established terminology such as My Computer for consistency unless instructed otherwise.

Negation

  • en Is not supported/installed -> ms Tidak disokong/dipasang
  • en could not be opened/found -> ms tidak dapat dibuka/dijumpai
  • en You will not be able to -> ms Awda tidak akan dapat
  • en Is not available -> ms Tidak tersedia
  • en Invalid password -> ms Kata laluan tak sah
  • en Account does not exist -> ms Akaun tidak wujud
  • en Unsuccessful request -> ms Permintaan tidak berjaya
  • en Warning: Memory inefficiency -> ms Amaran: Ketidakcekapan ingatan
  • Nouns and adjectives can take negative meaning through a derivative marker.
  • en non-member -> ms bukan ahli
  • en undefined -> ms tak tertakrif
  • en invisible -> ms halimunan
  • en unavailable -> ms tidak tersedia
  • en inefficiency -> ms ketidakcekapan
  • en invalid -> ms tak sah

Prepositions

  • Translate prepositional phrases by context. Avoid anglicisms.
  • Locative prepositions are di, ke, dari, kepada, daripada. Use di, ke, dari for places; use kepada and daripada for things.
  • en migrate to -> ms pindah ke
  • en Migrate from -> ms Pindah dari
  • en import to -> ms import ke
  • en import from -> ms import dari
  • en export to -> ms eksport ke
  • en export from -> ms eksport dari
  • en update to -> ms kemas kini ke
  • en upgrade to -> ms tatar ke
  • en change to -> ms tukar kepada
  • en click on -> ms klik pada
  • en connect to -> ms sambung kepada
  • en welcome to ... -> ms selamat datang ke …
  • en in the toolbar -> ms dalam bar alat
  • en on the tab -> ms pada tab
  • en on the menu -> ms pada menu
  • en on the net -> ms pada Internet
  • en on the Internet -> ms pada Internet
  • en on the Web -> ms pada Web
  • en on a web site -> ms pada tapak web
  • en on a web page -> ms pada laman web
  • Do not translate trademarked product names. Get final approval before you translate any product or component name.
  • Apply the chosen product terminology consistently throughout a set of content or an interface.
  • Treat product names and non-translated feature names as proper nouns, and use them without definite or indefinite articles.
  • Do not attach a genitive s to a trademarked product name; it reads as a modification of the name. Add to a product or component name with a hyphen, or use a periphrastic construction.
  • Do not use Microsoft’s products. Use Microsoft products or Products by Microsoft.
  • en Windows Mail shares your Internet Connection settings with Internet Explorer -> ms Windows Mail mengongsi seting Sambungan Internet awda dengan Internet Explorer
  • en Website addresses will be sent to Microsoft -> ms Alamat tapak web akan dihantar ke Microsoft
  • Translated feature names take a definite or indefinite article; they are not proper names.
  • en Hide the Task Manager when it is minimized -> ms Sembunyikan Pengurus Tugas apabila ia diminimumkan
  • en Check for updates in your installed Media Player's language -> ms Semak kemas kini dalam bahasa Pemain Media terpasang awda
  • Copyright protection covers any original work of authorship fixed in a tangible medium from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated.
  • en Copyright -> ms Hak cipta

Punctuation

  • If the character set is Latin-based, put a space after commas and periods.
  • General punctuation rules are identical to English. Punctuation spacing is also as in English: a punctuation mark is always followed by one space.
  • Decimal separator: US English uses a period; Malay (Brunei Darussalam) also uses a period. Do not use a space for this, because a space separates the numeral from the abbreviation.
  • In paper sizes, keep the decimal separator and the abbreviation in for inches, because the sizes are US norms.
  • en 5.25 cm -> ms 5.25 sm
  • en 5 x 7.2 inches -> ms 5 x 7.2 inci
  • en Letter Landscape 11 x 8.5 in -> ms Landskap Letter 11 x 8.5 in
  • Thousands separator: English uses a comma; Malay (Brunei Darussalam) also uses a comma.
  • en 1,526 -> ms 1,526
  • en $ 1,526.75 -> ms $ 1,526.75
  • In lists and tables, if bulleted items are complete sentences, each ends with a period.
  • If bulleted items continue an introductory clause, do not use a period.
  • For items in a list (chapters, sections, products, system requirements) that are neither sentences nor continuations, do not use a period.
  • If the translation is longer than the US text, or split into several independent sentences, insert a period where it improves the style.
  • Never put a period after just one word.
  • The same convention applies to instruction lists, captions, and callouts.
  • Quotation marks: the commonly used marks are the single quote (‘) and the double quote (“).

System messages

  • Avoid phrasing the same message differently. Use one standard translation.
  • en Press F1 to get Help / If you want Help press F1 / To get Help press F1 -> ms Tekan F1 untuk Bantuan
  • en Not enough memory / Insufficient memory / There is not enough memory -> ms Kekurangan ingatan
  • en Save changes to %1? / Do you want to save changes to %1? -> ms Simpan perubahan untuk %1?

UI references

  • Always use all available resources to establish the context for UI items: Instructions, Resource ID, String ID, and sometimes Previous Source and Term Note.

Access keys (hot keys)

  • Hot keys are a combination of keys such as ALT+F or Ctrl+S that move focus to a menu, command, or control without the mouse.
  • Allowed: slim characters such as i, l, t, r, f as hot keys. Example: Alat
  • Allowed: characters with downstrokes such as g, j, y, p, q. The hot key underline can be hard to see for these characters. Example: Opsyen
  • Extended characters: not applicable. Malay (Brunei Darussalam) has no extended character.
  • Allowed: an additional letter appearing after the item name, in brackets or not. Example: Opsyen w / Opsyen (w). Any single letter on the keyboard can be used.
  • Allowed: a number appearing after the item name, in brackets or not. Example: Opsyen 3 / Opsyen (3)
  • Allowed: a punctuation sign appearing after the item name, in brackets or not. Example: Opsyen > / Opsyen (>)
  • Common access keys: Ctrl+A = select all; Ctrl+A = reset all
  • Ctrl+B = send to back
  • Ctrl+C = reset current; Ctrl+C = copy
  • Ctrl+D = delete; Ctrl+D = duplicate; Ctrl+D = dial; Ctrl+D = select domain
  • Ctrl+E = open image for editing; Ctrl+E = attributes
  • Ctrl+F = filter; Ctrl+F = forward; Ctrl+F = view bitmap; Ctrl+F = file transfer; Ctrl+F = find; Ctrl+F = full screen
  • Ctrl+G = go to; Ctrl+G = grid; Ctrl+G = paste to page; Ctrl+G = date
  • Ctrl+H = replace; Ctrl+H = space
  • Ctrl+I = invert colors
  • Ctrl+L = rotate left; Ctrl+L = color box; Ctrl+L = view log
  • Ctrl+M = new slide
  • Ctrl+N = new call; Ctrl+N = new message; Ctrl+N = new snapshot; Ctrl+N = next code; Ctrl+N = new; Ctrl+N = new connection
  • Ctrl+O = options; Ctrl+O = select code; Ctrl+O = open
  • Ctrl+P = previous; Ctrl+P = print
  • Ctrl+R = rotate right; Ctrl+R = flip/rotate; Ctrl+R = reply
  • Ctrl+S = sharing; Ctrl+S = update; Ctrl+S = save; Ctrl+S = send; Ctrl+S = setup
  • Ctrl+T = toolbox; Ctrl+T = transfer
  • Ctrl+V = paste/insert
  • Ctrl+W = stretch/skew; Ctrl+W = whiteboard
  • Ctrl+Y = redo; Ctrl+Y = repeat
  • Ctrl+Z = undo
  • Only single stroke characters can be used as hot keys.
  • Preferred hot key characters, none case-sensitive: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
  • Allowed hot key characters, none case-sensitive: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, <, >

Checkboxes and radio buttons

  • Do not address the user directly in checkbox and radio button texts. A personal pronoun such as you should be a rare choice.
  • A checkbox can be selected or deselected. A radio button can be selected or deselected; within a list, if one radio button is selected, none of the others can be.
  • As a general rule, text in checkboxes and radio buttons takes no period at the end. If the source has a period and the string is a complete sentence, end the localized string with a period too. A period is also advised if the target string is a complete and complex or long sentence, with sub-clauses or across several lines.
  • en I accept the license terms. -> ms Saya terima syarat pelesenan tersebut.
  • en I accept this agreement. -> ms Saya terima perjanjian ini.
  • en Confirm file format conversion on open -> ms Sahkan penukaran format fail semasa membuka

Dialog box contents and titles

  • Use consistent terminology and language style in all dialog boxes, consistent with translations in other localized applications.
  • Dialog box titles must be consistent with the menu items or menu commands that call them. Menus are usually noun or infinitive, so dialog titles should be noun or infinitive. The source text format is decisive. If the source uses a headline format (Doing xyz), use the Malay (Brunei Darussalam) equivalent of that format.
  • en Insert Table -> ms Sisipkan Jadual
  • Use parallel language for dialog box elements parallel in function, such as the contents of lists and tables. Keep all items similar in form and in the same part of speech: translate all items in a list as infinitive verbs, or all as noun/gerund, or all as imperative verbs.
  • Translate a verb as a verb (infinitive or citation form) unless there is a good reason not to. Establish whether a word is a noun or a verb from all available context. Some words are both (View), so know the context. Where the part of speech is ambiguous, instructions often clarify it.
  • en Archive [noun] -> ms Arkib
  • en Set [verb] Query [noun] -> ms Set Pertanyaan
  • en View [verb] -> ms Papar

Status bar messages

  • A status bar message gives information about the active document, a selected command, or any active selected interface item. It shows in the status bar at the bottom of the window after the user chooses a menu, command, or item, or starts a function. Some status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already completed.
  • Messages reporting that a process is executing use a verb in the -ing form plus three dots. In Malay (Brunei Darussalam), choose a verb tense or aspect that expresses the ongoing nature of the action.
  • Apply the standard syntax to status bar messages wherever possible, even when the US text does not keep the convention.
  • en Scanning files... -> ms Mengimbas fail…
  • en Opening message… -> ms Membuka mesej…

Tool tips and InfoTips

  • A tool tip is a short description of the icon or function the user hovers over. Tool tips show for a short time.
  • Keep tool tips short, concise, and helpful. Many have the same linguistic form as menus, commands, or buttons, and use an impersonal style without a period. Others are short explanations that address the user directly.
  • Translate tool tip text consistently and with usability in mind. Do not use multiple translations for the same tool tip.
  • en Insert Microsoft Excel Worksheet -> ms Sisipkan Lembaran Kerja Microsoft Excel
  • en Click here to begin -> ms Klik sini untuk mula
  • en No feeds detected on this page (Alt+J)\nFeeds provide updated website content -> ms Tiada suapan dikesan pada halaman ini (Alt+J)\nSuapan membekalkan kandungan tapak web kemas kini
  • InfoTips appear briefly and explain a specific part of an interface. They contain short sentences or sentence fragments describing what an item does or how it can be used.
  • For items that describe what the user can do with the item, use an infinitive or verb phrase. This is the most common type of InfoTip.
  • en Analyze items with a spreadsheet application -> ms Menganalisis item dengan aplikasi hamparan
  • For items with an automatic action on opening, use an infinitive or verb phrase.
  • en Opens the calendar -> ms Buka kalendar

Welcome screens

  • No guideline for translating Welcome screens within wizards. Complete phrases are as fine as Welcome only. Localize the names of Welcome screens to one consistent pattern within a product.
  • en Welcome to the Connection Wizard -> ms Selamat datang ke Wizard Sambungan

US-specific information

  • If the English text contains US-specific information that does not apply to Malay (Brunei Darussalam) or Brunei Darussalam, discuss how to replace the US information.

Version numbers

  • Version numbers always contain a period (Version 4.2).
  • en If you are using Word version 7.0 or later... -> ms Jika awda menggunakan Word versi 7.0 atau lebih baru…
  • en If you are using Microsoft Excel version 6.0 for Windows... -> ms Jika awda menggunakan Microsoft Excel versi 6.0 untuk Windows…
  • Version numbers usually form part of version strings, but the two are not the same.

Language kit

  • Where this guide is silent or in doubt, follow the grammatical standards set for the local language by the local linguistic authorities.

Address format

  • Country: Brunei Darussalam
  • Business address format: 1. [CompanyName], 2. Address1, 3. [Address2], 4. City PostalCode, 5. [Country], 6. [Title/Honorific] Name
  • Residence format: 1. [Title/Honorific] Name, 3. Address1, 4. [Address2], 5. City PostalCode, 6. [Country]
  • Business address example: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Jalan Elizabeth II, Bandar Seri Begawan BB3510, Brunei Darussalam, U.P.: Awang Mohamed bin Yahya
  • Residence example: Awang Mohamed bin Yahya, Jalan Elizabeth II, Bandar Seri Begawan BB3510, Brunei Darussalam
  • Local postal code format: zzxxxx. Standardized as 2 alphabets followed by 4 digits.
  • For a business address, the recipient's name goes on the last line. For a residential address, the recipient's name goes on the first line.

Characters

  • Lower-case characters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z
  • Upper-case characters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
  • Characters in caseless scripts: none. Extended Latin characters: none.
  • Alphabetical order is based on the list of letters in the alphabet.
  • Total number of characters: 26

Date format

  • Calendar/era: Gregorian Calendar
  • First day of the week: Monday
  • First week of the year: the week starts with 1st January
  • Separator: /
  • Default short date format: dd/MM/yy. Example: 17/03/04
  • Default long date format: dddd MMMM yyyy. Example: 17hb. Mac 2004
  • Leading zero in day field for short date format: yes
  • Leading zero in month field for short date format: yes
  • Digits for century in short day format: 2
  • Leading zero in day field for long date format: no
  • Leading zero in month field for long date format: no
  • Digits for century in long day format: 4
  • Date format for correspondence: default long date format. Example: 17hb. Mac 2004
  • d is for day; the number of ds sets the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name).
  • M is for month; the number of Ms gives the number of digits (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = abbreviated name, MMMM = full name).
  • y is for year; the number of ys gives the number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits).

Days

  • Monday -> Isnin
  • Tuesday -> Selasa
  • Wednesday -> Rabu
  • Thursday -> Khamis
  • Friday -> Jumaat
  • Saturday -> Sabtu
  • Sunday -> Ahad
  • Abbreviated forms: none. Abbreviation of the days is not recommended.
  • First day of week: Monday
  • Capitalize the first letter.

Decimal separator

  • Separator: . Description: period.
  • Examples: 25.34; B$13.65

Holidays

  • 1st January, en New Year Day -> ms Awal Tahun Masihi, fixed
  • 26th January, en Chinese New Year -> ms Tahun Baru Cina, floating
  • 23rd February, en National Day -> ms Hari Kebangsaan Negara Brunei Darussalam Ke-25, fixed
  • 9th March, en Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday -> ms Maulud Nabi Muhammad SAW, floating
  • 31st May, en Anniversary of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces -> ms Hari Ulang Tahun Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei, fixed
  • 15th July, en His Majesty’s Birthday -> ms Hari Keputeraan Kebawah DYMM Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam Yang Ke-63 Tahun, fixed
  • 20th July, en Isra’ Mikraj -> ms Israk Mikraj, floating
  • 22nd August, en 1st Day of Ramadhan -> ms 1hb. Ramadan, floating
  • 7th September, en Revelation of the Nuzul Al-Quran -> ms Memperingati Nuzul Al-Quran, floating
  • 20th – 211st September, en Hari Raya Aidilfitri -> ms Hari Raya Aidilfitri, floating
  • 27th November, en Feast of Sacrifice -> ms Hari Raya Aidil Adha, floating
  • 25th December, en Christmas Day -> ms Hari Krismas, fixed

Key names

  • Key names stay unchanged: ALT, ALT GR, BACKSPACE, BREAK, CAPS LOCK, CLEAR, COMMAND (Macintosh), CTRL, DEL, DELETE (Macintosh), DOWN ARROW, END, ENTER, ESC, F1-F12, HOME, INS, LEFT ARROW, NUMPAD ENTER, NUM LOCK, NUMPAD +, NUMPAD -, NUMPAD *, NUMPAD /, NUMPAD 0-9, OPTION (Macintosh), PAGE DOWN, PAGE UP, PAUSE, PRINT SCREEN, RETURN (Macintosh), RIGHT ARROW, SCROLL LOCK, SHIFT, SPACEBAR, SYS RQ, TAB, UP ARROW

Measurement units

  • Metric system commonly used: yes. Temperature: Celsius.
  • Linear measure, en, translation, abbreviation: Kilometer, Kilometer, km
  • Meter, Meter, m
  • Decimeter, Desimeter, dm
  • Centimeter, Sentimeter, cm
  • Millimeter, Milimeter, mm
  • Capacity: Hectoliter, Hektoliter, hL/hl
  • Liter, Liter, L/l
  • Deciliter, Desiliter, dL/dl
  • Centiliter, Sentiliter, cL/cl
  • Milliliter, Mililiter, mL/ml
  • Mass: Ton, Tan
  • Hundredweight, Ratus berat
  • Kilogram, Kilogram, kg
  • Pound, Paun
  • Gram, Gram, g
  • Decigram, Desigram, dg
  • Centigram, Sentigram, cg
  • Milligram, Miligram, mg
  • English units: Inch, Inci
  • Feet, Kaki
  • Mile, Batu
  • Gallon, Gelen
  • Power: SQ, Persegi

Months

  • Full form, abbreviated form: January -> Januari, Jan.
  • February -> Februari, Feb.
  • March -> Mac, Mac
  • April -> April, Apr.
  • May -> Mei, Mei
  • June -> Jun, Jun
  • July -> Julai, Jul.
  • August -> Ogos, Ogos
  • September -> September, Sept.
  • October -> Oktober, Okt.
  • November -> November, Nov.
  • December -> Disember, Dis.
  • Long date format uses the full form for every month.
  • Capitalize the first letter.

Names of people

  • Number of first names: 1; 2; 3; 4 (seldom)
  • Last name refers to the father's name for Malays.
  • Capitalize the first letters of the names.
  • Married women do not change their name.
  • Most common name format in text and in lists: male FirstName bin LastName; female FirstName binti LastName
  • Male first names are commonly preceded with Mohamad, Abdullah. Female first names are commonly preceded with Siti.
  • First names are separated from last names with bin or binti. bin follows male first names, for example Azmi bin Khalid. binti follows female first names, for example Arfah binti Khalid.

Sample text

  • Awang Mohamed bin Yahya Jalan Elizabeth II Bandar Seri Begawan BB3510 Brunei Darussalam Tel: +673 2324124
  • Bahasa jiwa bangsa. Bahasa merupakan sebahagian daripada identiti bangsa. Bahasa tidak dapat hidup tanpa dukungan pengguna asal. Tiada sebab dan alasan mengapa bangsa yang bukan bangsa Malaysia mahu mendukung dan mendaulatkan bahasa Malaysia.
  • Semenjak berkurun-kurun Bahasa Malaysia telah terbukti sebagai bahasa yang berwibawa. Malah semenjak keagungan Melaka, bahasa Malaysia sudah menjadi bahasa buana. Sama ada pedagang Asia Timur mahupun pedagang dari Barat, wajib belajar bahasa Malaysia jika mahu berniaga di Melaka. Hanya dengan penjajah peranan bahasa Malaysia mula diperkecil dan bangsa Melayu lalu diagung-agungkan dan dinaikkan martabat.
  • Peminjaman kata atau adaptasi bahasa bukan menunjukkan kelemahan bahasa. Tiada bahasa di dunia ini yang tidak meminjam kata-kata lain dari bahasa lain. Adaptasi istilah akan memperkaya bahasa lantas memperkukuh bahasa itu. Cuma proses adaptasi perlu dibuat secara tersusun dan mengikut peraturan.
  • Sama ada kita kerani di pejabat, mahupun ketua eksekutif, pemerintah mahupun rakyat, yang dipilih mahupun yang memilih tidak ada sebab kita harus mengabaikan bahasa atau menggunakan bahasa yang salah. Peranan memperjuangkan bahasa di dalam era maklumat bukan sahaja peranan ahli politik mahupun pejuang bahasa tetapi peranan semua individu rakyat Malaysia. Paling kurang kita harus menggunakan bahasa yang baik dalam pertuturan terutama dalam penulisan sebagai sumbangan kita terhadap tamadun bangsa negara.
  • Kini Bahasa Malaysia digunakan secara meluas di negara ini. Penggunaannya meliputi pelbagai peringkat sama ada rasmi ataupun tidak rasmi. Contohnya, semua jabatan dan agensi kerajaan menggunakan Bahasa Malaysia dalam surat-menyurat, dokumen, notis dan sebagainya. Ini merupakan satu lagi cara untuk memartabatkan Bahasa Malaysia. Usaha untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan taraf Bahasa Malaysia haruslah dilakukan secara berterusan tanpa jemu untuk memastikan Bahasa Malaysia setanding dengan bahasa-bahasa lain.
  • Bahasa juga merupakan salah satu medium untuk menyemai semangat perpaduan antara kaum. Bahasa Malaysia sebagai bahasa kebangsaan dapat menunjukkan identiti rakyat negara ini yang berbilang kaum sebagai satu bangsa di mata dunia. Penggunaan Bahasa Malaysia di dalam kehidupan seharian tanpa mengabaikan bahasa ibunda sesuatu kaum itu boleh membantu mengeratkan hubungan sesama penduduk.
  • Sumber: The Name Technology Sdn. Bhd. Dicipta pada 29hb. Julai 2009, pukul 3.30 petang.

Sorting guidelines

  • Capital letters and lowercase letters are equal. No distinction is made between them.
  • Sorting is according to alphabetical order.
  • Character sorting order: a – 1, b – 2, c – 3, d – 4, e – 5, f – 6, g – 7, h – 8, i – 9, j – 10, k – 11, l – 12, m – 13, n – 14, o – 15, p – 16, q – 17, r – 18, s – 19, t – 20, u – 21, v – 22, w – 23, x – 24, y – 25, z – 26
  • Examples of sorted words: Aaron, andere, chaque, chemin, cote, Czech, irdisch, lie, lire, llama, luck, lye, myndig, pint, pylon, savoir, Sietla, subtle, symbol, verkehrt, vox, waffle, wood, yen, yuan, yucca, zoo, Zviedrija, zysk, zzlj, zznj, zznz

Telephone numbers

  • International dialing code: 673
  • Area codes used: yes. Number of digits in area codes: 1.
  • Separator: space, usually used in telephone book only. For normal practice, no space is required.
  • Number of digits domestic: 7. Digit groupings domestic: #######
  • Number of digits local: 7. Digit groupings local: #######
  • Number of digits mobile: 7. Digit groupings mobile: #######
  • Digit groupings international: +673 #######
  • Area codes: Bandar Seri Begawan – 2; Kuala Belait – 3; Tutong – 4; Temburong – 5; Mobile – 8

Time format

  • 24 hour format: not applicable.
  • Standard time format: H.mm.ss. Example: 7.08.19
  • Time separator: period (.). Example: 7.08.19
  • Hours leading zero: not applicable.
  • AM designator: 12:00AM -> Tengah malam; 12:01AM – 11:59AM -> Pagi
  • PM designator: 12:00PM -> Tengah hari; 12:01PM – 6:59PM -> Petang; 7:00PM – 11:59PM -> Malam
  • To tell the time, always begin with pukul followed by the time. 9:25AM -> Pukul 9.25 pagi; 7:30PM -> Pukul 7.30 malam

Translation equals source

  • Leave these unchanged: OK, Edit, Normal, Format, AutoFormat, Formula, Bluetooth

What language is it

  • Malay (Brunei Darussalam) is written in the Roman alphabet, a – z, in horizontal columns, left to right.
  • It is an agglutinative language. Adding prefixes or suffixes to the root word changes the meaning.
  • Common prefixes: be, ber, me, men, meng, pe, per, pem, ke, di, ter, te, pen, se, menge, meny, penge, penye,perse, pemer, memper, terper, keter, sese, seper, sepen
  • Common suffixes: an, kan, i, nya, kah, lah
  • Root word main -> play; prefix pe added, pemain -> player; prefix per and suffix an added, permainan -> game